{"version":"2026-09-initial","updatedAt":"2026-09-07","countries":[{"slug":"georgia","name":"Georgia","isoCode":"GE","currency":"GEL","region":"Europe / Caucasus","eu":false,"eurozone":false,"published":true,"summary":"Georgia is the market where SafeBuy can connect research with listings, valuation and registry checks. Apartment ownership and land ownership need separate treatment: agricultural land has significant restrictions for foreign buyers. Use the existing SafeBuy Price Index for local asking prices and yields, then examine the particular property's title, condition and rental plan.","strengths":["SafeBuy provides local listings, valuation and property-registry tools.","The public registry publishes a clear schedule of registration services and fees.","A residential letting tax concession exists for qualifying individuals."],"risks":["Agricultural land cannot be treated as an unrestricted foreign-buyer investment.","The official price-growth series covers new homes in Tbilisi, not all Georgian property.","Local-currency income, foreign-currency purchase budgets and borrowing can create currency mismatches."],"suitedTo":"Investors who want to investigate a specific Georgian apartment or eligible non-agricultural parcel with local transaction support, and who can assess title, currency exposure and the operating costs separately.","residentialOwnership":"generally-open","nonresidentMortgage":"unverified","metrics":{"priceGrowth":{"value":4.9,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["ge-geostat-rppi-2026-q2"],"referencePeriod":"Q2 2026 versus Q2 2025","referenceDate":"2026-06-30","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"New flats and detached houses in Tbilisi only","methodology":"Geostat Residential Property Price Index in GEL. This city and new-property cohort is narrower than the national all-dwelling indices used for several EU countries."},"pricePerSqm":{"sourceIds":["safebuy-price-index-2026-09"],"referencePeriod":"2026-09","referenceDate":"2026-09-01","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":120,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Tbilisi apartment asking listings; 372 sale listings and 381 rental listings. City sample, not a national average.","value":1490,"unit":"money/m2","currency":"EUR","methodology":"Median asking price per square metre of apartments listed on ss.ge, Georgia's largest property portal, aggregated by district. Rental yield is gross: median monthly asking rent per m2 x 12, divided by median sale price per m2. Asking prices, not registered transaction prices. Districts with fewer than 12 listings are omitted. Asking prices may differ from achieved sale prices; sample composition affects comparisons.","range":[1196,1822]},"grossYield":{"sourceIds":["safebuy-price-index-2026-09"],"referencePeriod":"2026-09","referenceDate":"2026-09-01","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":120,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Tbilisi apartment asking listings; 372 sale listings and 381 rental listings. City sample, not a national average.","value":7.2,"unit":"percent","methodology":"Annualised median advertised monthly rent per square metre divided by median advertised sale price per square metre. Separate listing samples, not matched properties. Gross proxy before vacancy, tax, management, repairs and buying costs; not a promised return."}},"facts":[{"id":"ge-residential-title","section":"ownership","title":"Apartments and non-agricultural property","text":"Georgia's Civil Code permits persons from other countries to participate in private-law property transactions. Acquisition of immovable property requires a written transaction and registration. Check the parcel's actual registered category and encumbrances; a property advertisement is not proof of title.","sourceIds":["ge-civil-code"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"ge-agricultural-land","section":"ownership","title":"Agricultural land needs separate legal review","text":"The Organic Law restricts foreign ownership of agricultural land. Exceptions include inheritance and certain Georgian entities with a government-approved investment plan. Forming a local company alone does not remove the restriction. A house situated on agricultural land needs review of the underlying parcel.","sourceIds":["ge-agricultural-law"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"ge-registration","section":"buyingCosts","title":"Registration is a fee, not an all-in cost","text":"NAPR lists registration of an immovable-property right at GEL 150 within four working days. Faster processing and other services have separate charges. Legal review, translation, surveying and any transaction-specific taxes are additional; this fee is not a total acquisition-cost estimate.","sourceIds":["ge-napr-fees"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"ge-residential-income","section":"tax","title":"Qualifying residential rent: 5% of income","text":"The Revenue Service describes a 5% income-tax rate for an individual letting residential space for residential purposes without deducting expenses. Eligibility and the actual use matter. This is not a general net-return estimate or a blanket rate for every accommodation business.","sourceIds":["ge-rental-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"ge-annual-tax","section":"tax","title":"Property and land are assessed separately","text":"The Revenue Service property-tax calculator distinguishes household-income bands up to GEL 40,000, GEL 40,000–100,000 and over GEL 100,000, and separates land from other property. Use the property's municipality, classification and the relevant household-income rules to establish liability.","sourceIds":["ge-property-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"ge-residence","section":"residency","title":"Property can support an application, not automatic residence","text":"The State Services Development Agency lists a short-term residence route for non-agricultural immovable property with an independently assessed market value exceeding USD 150,000 equivalent in GEL. It requires an application, lawful-stay evidence, title and an accredited valuation. Purchase price alone does not establish eligibility.","sourceIds":["ge-sda-residence"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"ge-holiday-tax","section":"shortTermRental","title":"Research implication: check the accommodation category","text":"The sourced tax concession is expressly tied to residential letting. Before modelling a holiday apartment, confirm the accommodation activity's tax and operating treatment and any building restrictions. This dataset has not verified a nationwide short-term-rental licensing position.","sourceIds":["ge-rental-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"ge-geostat-rppi-2026-q2","name":"Geostat — Residential Property Price Index, Q2 2026","url":"https://geostat.ge/media/81560/Residential-Property-Price-Index---II-quarter-of-2026.pdf","referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","publishedAt":"2026-07-23","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Annual increase of 4.9%; new residential property in Tbilisi; GEL-based index."},{"id":"ge-civil-code","name":"Matsne — Civil Code of Georgia, Articles 8 and 183","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/31702","referencePeriod":"Consolidated law inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"ge-agricultural-law","name":"Matsne — Organic Law on Agricultural Land Ownership","url":"https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/4596123","referencePeriod":"Consolidated law inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"ge-napr-fees","name":"NAPR — Immovable Property Registration fees","url":"https://www.napr.gov.ge/en/page/fees-and-terms/immovable-property-registration-fee","referencePeriod":"Fee schedule inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"ge-rental-tax","name":"Georgia Revenue Service — residential letting tax guidance","url":"https://voice.rs.ge/Default.aspx?id=4239","referencePeriod":"Guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Official Georgian-language guidance; summary translated into English."},{"id":"ge-property-tax","name":"Georgia Revenue Service — property-tax calculator","url":"https://www.rs.ge/PropertyTax","referencePeriod":"Calculator rules inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Official Georgian-language calculator; income thresholds do not imply a universal land exemption."},{"id":"ge-sda-residence","name":"State Services Development Agency — residence permits","url":"https://sda.gov.ge/en/products/migration-residence-permits/","referencePeriod":"Requirements inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Current page states a value exceeding USD 150,000 for the short-term property route; do not use the superseded USD 100,000 threshold."},{"id":"safebuy-price-index-2026-09","name":"SafeBuy Georgia Property Price Index — 2026-09","url":"https://safebuy.ge/georgia-property-price-index/2026-09","publishedAt":"2026-09-07T03:00:09.732Z","referencePeriod":"2026-09","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Tbilisi apartment asking-listing sample. Not completed transactions or a nationwide Georgia price index."}]},{"slug":"spain","name":"Spain","isoCode":"ES","currency":"EUR","region":"Europe","eu":true,"eurozone":true,"published":true,"summary":"Spain combines a broad urban rental market with substantial differences between regions. The national asking-price benchmark and the urban gross-yield sample measure different populations. Purchase tax depends on location and whether the home is new or used, while nonresident rental taxation depends on tax residence. A tourist-let strategy needs its own municipal review.","strengths":["National asking-price history and official transaction-price indices are available.","The rental-yield sample covers several cities beyond Madrid and Barcelona.","A major bank publishes a dedicated nonresident mortgage product."],"risks":["Regional purchase taxes can materially change the cash needed to complete.","Special military-zone rules can apply to non-EU purchasers.","Barcelona's planned tourist-apartment phase-out illustrates why short-let permission cannot be assumed."],"suitedTo":"Investors prepared to choose a city and rental strategy before comparing tax and finance scenarios, including buyers who want an established nonresident mortgage application route.","residentialOwnership":"generally-open","nonresidentMortgage":"conditional","metrics":{"pricePerSqm":{"value":2924,"unit":"money/m2","currency":"EUR","sourceIds":["es-idealista-price"],"referencePeriod":"August 2026","referenceDate":"2026-08-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Spain — national advertised resale housing","methodology":"Idealista's national used-home asking-price index, not registered completion prices or a valuation of a specific city. Property mix differs from Germany's modelled reference apartment and SafeBuy's Tbilisi apartment sample."},"grossYield":{"value":5.45,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["spain-gpg-yields"],"referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","referenceDate":"2026-03-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Selected urban apartment listings: Madrid, Barcelona and nine other city/area markets","methodology":"Global Property Guide compares median advertised monthly rents with median advertised purchase prices by apartment size and location, annualises rent, and reports an aggregate gross yield. This is a listings sample, not a national transaction-weighted return. Excludes vacancy, tax, repairs, management, financing and purchase costs."},"priceGrowth":{"value":12.9,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["eurostat-hpi-2025-q4"],"referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","referenceDate":"2025-12-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"National residential property transactions","methodology":"Nominal year-on-year change in Eurostat's House Price Index, covering new and existing dwellings purchased by households. Historical index movement is not a forecast or a rental investment return."}},"facts":[{"id":"es-foreign-buyer","section":"ownership","title":"Foreign buyers and the property register","text":"Foreign buyers can purchase Spanish property and need a NIE identification number for the transaction. Obtain the land-registry extract and check the owner's title, charges and the property's legal status. Non-EU nationals can require a military permit in designated defence zones; exemptions depend on the exact location.","sourceIds":["es-buying-guide","es-registrars"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"es-purchase-tax","section":"buyingCosts","title":"Resale and new-build tax follow different rules","text":"Used housing is subject to the relevant autonomous community's transfer tax; Madrid's general property-transfer rate is 6%. New housing normally attracts 10% VAT, with specific reduced-rate exceptions. Other duties, registration, notarial and professional costs may be additional. Neither rate is a nationwide all-in buying cost.","sourceIds":["es-vat-itp","es-madrid-itp"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"es-rental-income","section":"tax","title":"Nonresident rental income depends on tax residence","text":"AEAT lists a 19% nonresident income-tax rate for residents of the EU, Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein, and 24% for other taxpayers. Tax-base and expense-deduction rules also differ. Nationality alone does not determine the category; use the applicable tax residence, treaty and current deduction rules.","sourceIds":["es-nonresident-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"es-mortgage","section":"financing","title":"A real nonresident mortgage application route","text":"Banco Santander advertises a mortgage product for people living outside Spain. The published product establishes an application route, not a guarantee that an applicant, foreign income or investment property will be accepted. No market-wide LTV or interest-rate estimate is included here.","sourceIds":["es-santander"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"es-residence","section":"residency","title":"New investor visas ended in April 2025","text":"Spain's consular guidance states that investor visas were abolished from 3 April 2025. A new property purchase should not be presented as a route to an investor visa. Existing applications or authorisations require review under their transitional rules.","sourceIds":["es-investor-visa"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"es-tourist-lets","section":"shortTermRental","title":"Barcelona is a local regulatory example","text":"Barcelona's municipal housing publication records the plan not to renew its tourist-flat permissions, with a phase-out intended for November 2028. This is a city-specific policy. Before underwriting any Spanish holiday let, verify municipal and regional permissions and condominium rules for that address.","sourceIds":["es-barcelona-housing"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"es-idealista-price","name":"Idealista/data — national asking-price history","url":"https://www.idealista.com/sala-de-prensa/informes-precio-vivienda/venta/historico/","referencePeriod":"August 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"National resale asking-price series. Exact publication date is not displayed on this historical table."},{"id":"spain-gpg-yields","name":"Global Property Guide — original rental-yield research","url":"https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/europe/spain/rental-yields","referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Publisher states last update March 2026; an exact publication day is not provided. Uses local advertised rents and sale listings. Only the published aggregate is reproduced."},{"id":"eurostat-hpi-2025-q4","name":"Eurostat — House Price Index, Q4 2025 release","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-07042026-ap","referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","publishedAt":"2026-04-07","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"An explicitly dated historical release, not a claim to be the latest available quarter. National transaction-based House Price Index; subsequent releases can revise values."},{"id":"es-buying-guide","name":"UK Foreign Office — buying property in Spain","url":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/how-to-buy-property-in-spain","referencePeriod":"Guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":"2021-05-13","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Older government guide retained for NIE and defence-zone process; tax and visa values come from separately reviewed sources."},{"id":"es-registrars","name":"Registradores de España — international land-registry service","url":"https://sede.registradores.org/contenido/buyingahouse/","referencePeriod":"Service inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"es-vat-itp","name":"Agencia Tributaria — VAT or transfer tax on home purchase","url":"https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/iva/iva-operaciones-inmobiliarias/compro-vivienda-tengo-que-pagar-itp.html","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"es-madrid-itp","name":"Comunidad de Madrid — property transfer tax","url":"https://www.comunidad.madrid/atencion-contribuyente/transmisiones-patrimoniales-onerosas","referencePeriod":"Madrid tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"es-nonresident-tax","name":"Agencia Tributaria — nonresident rental income","url":"https://sede.agenciatributaria.gob.es/Sede/no-residentes/irnr-sin-establecimiento-permanente/cuestiones-especificas-sobre-tributacion-inmuebles/rendimientos-inmuebles-arrendados.html","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"es-santander","name":"Banco Santander — mortgages for nonresidents","url":"https://www.bancosantander.es/en/particulares/hipotecas/no-residentes","referencePeriod":"Product page inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"es-investor-visa","name":"Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs — investor visa notice","url":"https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/sanfrancisco/en/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Consular/Visado-de-inversor.aspx","referencePeriod":"Abolition effective 3 April 2025","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"The abolition notice supersedes the historical investment requirements still displayed below it."},{"id":"es-barcelona-housing","name":"Barcelona City Council — The New Housing Law","url":"https://www.habitatge.barcelona/sites/default/files/quaderns_dhabitatge._the_new_housing_law.pdf","referencePeriod":"Municipal policy and planned November 2028 phase-out","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"}]},{"slug":"portugal","name":"Portugal","isoCode":"PT","currency":"EUR","region":"Europe","eu":true,"eurozone":true,"published":true,"summary":"Portugal's purchase decision needs a fresh tax check, especially for nonresidents. The tax authority's current rules include a specific nonresident residential acquisition rate and exceptions. Lisbon and Porto are only part of the rental market covered here. Buying an ordinary property no longer provides the former real-estate Golden Visa route.","strengths":["Monthly national asking-price data is published by the original listing platform.","UCI publishes specific nonresident mortgage criteria.","Tax-authority guidance distinguishes purchase, annual property and additional property taxes."],"risks":["The nonresident purchase-tax rules changed in 2026 and require scenario-specific checking.","An asking-price median cannot establish the price of a particular Lisbon, Algarve or rural property.","An existing or intended holiday-let registration must be checked with the relevant municipality."],"suitedTo":"Investors comparing euro-denominated rental property who can fund purchase taxes and a substantial deposit, and who choose Portugal on the property's economics rather than an obsolete property-residence promise.","residentialOwnership":"generally-open","nonresidentMortgage":"conditional","metrics":{"pricePerSqm":{"value":3207,"unit":"money/m2","currency":"EUR","sourceIds":["pt-idealista-price"],"referencePeriod":"August 2026","referenceDate":"2026-08-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Portugal — national advertised housing","methodology":"Idealista/data median asking price per square metre for homes offered for sale. This is a listing benchmark, not the INE median of registered sales, and its property and geographic mix differs from city apartment samples."},"grossYield":{"value":4.29,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["portugal-gpg-yields"],"referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","referenceDate":"2026-06-30","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Selected urban apartment listings: Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Aveiro, Braga and Setubal","methodology":"Global Property Guide compares median advertised monthly rents with median advertised purchase prices by apartment size and location, annualises rent, and reports an aggregate gross yield. This is a listings sample, not a national transaction-weighted return. Excludes vacancy, tax, repairs, management, financing and purchase costs."},"priceGrowth":{"value":18.9,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["eurostat-hpi-2025-q4"],"referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","referenceDate":"2025-12-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"National residential property transactions","methodology":"Nominal year-on-year change in Eurostat's House Price Index, covering new and existing dwellings purchased by households. Historical index movement is not a forecast or a rental investment return."}},"facts":[{"id":"pt-foreign-buyers","section":"ownership","title":"Nonresidents can buy; transaction checks still apply","text":"UCI's published nonresident purchase guidance confirms that foreign and nonresident buyers can buy a home in Portugal, including through a remote process. Confirm the title and property documents, obtain the required tax identification and establish the buyer's tax residence before calculating taxes.","sourceIds":["pt-uci","pt-purchase-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"pt-imt-nonresident","section":"buyingCosts","title":"The 2026 nonresident IMT rule","text":"CIMT Article 17(10) states a 7.5% rate for nonresident purchases of urban residential property, subject to its exceptions. These include previous Portuguese tax residence, becoming tax resident within the specified period, and qualifying capped-rent letting. Some relief requires an application and evidence. Check the effective provisions and your exact circumstances before signing.","sourceIds":["pt-imt-law"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"pt-stamp-duty","section":"buyingCosts","title":"Stamp duty and other completion costs","text":"The tax authority lists purchase stamp duty of 0.8%, generally on the same higher-of-price-or-tax-value base as IMT. Mortgage borrowing also has stamp-duty treatment. Registration, legal work, mortgage expenses and any other applicable charges are separate, so adding the headline taxes does not produce a complete acquisition budget.","sourceIds":["pt-purchase-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"pt-annual-tax","section":"tax","title":"IMI is charged on taxable value","text":"Municipalities normally set urban IMI between 0.3% and 0.45% of taxable property value (VPT), with exceptional cases up to 0.5%. This is not a percentage of current market price. AIMI can additionally apply to relevant residential property and building-land holdings; allowances and ownership structure matter.","sourceIds":["pt-annual-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"pt-mortgage","section":"financing","title":"UCI: up to 70% for eligible nonresident applicants","text":"UCI publishes financing of up to 70% of the lower of purchase price and valuation, subject to borrower profile and security, with terms up to 30 years and age limits. Its stated purpose is a main or second home. Confirm that the planned letting use is acceptable; these are one lender's criteria, not a market guarantee or a live rate quote.","sourceIds":["pt-uci"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"pt-residence","section":"residency","title":"Property acquisition is no longer a new ARI route","text":"Law 56/2023 stopped new applications under the former real-estate investment categories. Buying a home should not be marketed as automatically qualifying for Portugal's ARI or Golden Visa. Legacy permits and other qualifying investment or residence routes have separate rules.","sourceIds":["pt-ari-law"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"pt-local-accommodation","section":"shortTermRental","title":"Alojamento Local needs registration","text":"Portugal's government service requires registration before operating Alojamento Local and proof of liability insurance after registration. Municipal restrictions and the permitted use of the building can affect a particular property. Confirm the current local position before relying on tourist revenue.","sourceIds":["pt-al-register"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"pt-idealista-price","name":"Idealista/data — Portugal asking-price report","url":"https://www.idealista.pt/media/relatorios-preco-habitacao/venda/report/","referencePeriod":"August 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Median advertised price; publication day is not shown in the report table."},{"id":"portugal-gpg-yields","name":"Global Property Guide — original rental-yield research","url":"https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/europe/portugal/rental-yields","referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Publisher states last update May 2026; an exact publication day is not provided. Uses local advertised rents and sale listings. Only the published aggregate is reproduced."},{"id":"eurostat-hpi-2025-q4","name":"Eurostat — House Price Index, Q4 2025 release","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-07042026-ap","referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","publishedAt":"2026-04-07","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"An explicitly dated historical release, not a claim to be the latest available quarter. National transaction-based House Price Index; subsequent releases can revise values."},{"id":"pt-purchase-tax","name":"Autoridade Tributária — buying a home: IMT and stamp duty","url":"https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/apoio_ao_contribuinte/Cidadaos/Casa_e_propriedades/Compra_da_casa/Paginas/default.aspx","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"pt-imt-law","name":"Autoridade Tributária — CIMT Article 17","url":"https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/cimt/Pages/cimt17.aspx","referencePeriod":"Consolidated rule including Decree-Law 97/2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Article 17(10)–(12): nonresident rate, exceptions, and refund application. Source annotation dates the amendment 20 May 2026."},{"id":"pt-annual-tax","name":"Autoridade Tributária — annual IMI and AIMI","url":"https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/apoio_ao_contribuinte/Cidadaos/Casa_e_propriedades/Imposto_anual/Paginas/default.aspx","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"pt-uci","name":"UCI Portugal — nonresident mortgage product","url":"https://uci.pt/pt/credito-habitacao/credito-nao-residentes/","referencePeriod":"Product criteria inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Portuguese product text specifies the lower of purchase price and valuation; the shorter English summary is less explicit."},{"id":"pt-ari-law","name":"Diário da República — Law 56/2023, Article 42","url":"https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/56-2023-222477692","referencePeriod":"Law effective October 2023; inspected September 2026","publishedAt":"2023-10-06","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"pt-al-register","name":"gov.pt — Alojamento Local registration","url":"https://www.gov.pt/servicos/alojamento-local-registo-da-atividade","referencePeriod":"Registration service inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"}]},{"slug":"greece","name":"Greece","isoCode":"GR","currency":"EUR","region":"Europe","eu":true,"eurozone":true,"published":true,"summary":"Greece requires investors to separate ordinary property economics from residence-program eligibility. The central bank publishes apartment-price growth and the rental sample spans several mainland and island-city markets. A property-tax number is only one part of completion costs. No national price-per-square-metre estimate is shown until a sufficiently comparable benchmark is reviewed.","strengths":["A central-bank apartment-price series provides a dated market benchmark.","AADE publishes a specific transfer-tax calculation for buyers.","Eurobank has an explicit nonresident mortgage product and nationality-dependent LTV limits."],"risks":["A national yield sample does not describe the performance of a seasonal island property.","Residence-program thresholds depend on location and property category.","Registration for short stays does not replace checking the property's operating permissions."],"suitedTo":"Investors comparing urban rentals and specific residence-program properties who are willing to verify legal eligibility, finance and rental permissions for the exact asset before committing.","residentialOwnership":"conditional","nonresidentMortgage":"conditional","metrics":{"grossYield":{"value":4.38,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["greece-gpg-yields"],"referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","referenceDate":"2026-06-30","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Selected urban apartment listings: Athens, Thessaloniki, Kavala, Patra, Heraklion and Volos","methodology":"Global Property Guide compares median advertised monthly rents with median advertised purchase prices by apartment size and location, annualises rent, and reports an aggregate gross yield. This is a listings sample, not a national transaction-weighted return. Excludes vacancy, tax, repairs, management, financing and purchase costs."},"priceGrowth":{"value":5.7,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["gr-bog-prices"],"referencePeriod":"Q1 2026 versus Q1 2025","referenceDate":"2026-03-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"Greece — national apartment-price index","methodology":"Bank of Greece apartment-price index, based on bank valuation information. Its valuation and apartment scope differs from Eurostat's transaction-based all-dwelling indices."}},"facts":[{"id":"gr-buying-process","section":"ownership","title":"Foreign buyers need tax registration and property checks","text":"AADE's buyer guide requires a Greek tax identification number and a transfer-tax declaration whether the buyer lives in Greece or abroad. Eurobank explicitly permits applications without Greek citizenship. For a particular parcel, establish whether nationality, border-zone, planning or land-status restrictions apply before proceeding.","sourceIds":["gr-buyer-guide","gr-eurobank"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"gr-transfer-tax","section":"buyingCosts","title":"3% transfer tax plus a municipal levy on the tax","text":"AADE states a property transfer tax of 3% of taxable value and a municipal levy of 3% of that tax. Their combined arithmetic is 3.09% of taxable value before other costs, where this transfer-tax regime applies. Exemptions and other regimes need separate checking; notarial, registration and professional fees are additional.","sourceIds":["gr-transfer-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"gr-property-tax","section":"tax","title":"Annual ENFIA and rental taxation are separate","text":"AADE maintains distinct guidance for annual property tax, property transfers and income taxation for nonresidents. Determine ENFIA from the property's assessed characteristics and verify the applicable rental-income regime. This dataset does not replace those calculations with a single national tax percentage.","sourceIds":["gr-aade-property","gr-aade-income"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"gr-mortgage","section":"financing","title":"Eurobank: citizenship affects maximum financing","text":"Eurobank's nonresident product states up to 80% of assessed commercial value for Greek or Cypriot citizens and up to 65% for other citizens. Income, creditworthiness, property value and the purchase agreement constrain the loan. Confirm investment use and all charges with the lender; a published cap is not an approval.","sourceIds":["gr-eurobank"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"gr-residence","section":"residency","title":"Golden Visa thresholds depend on the property","text":"Enterprise Greece describes EUR 800,000 in designated high-demand areas and EUR 400,000 in other areas, with EUR 250,000 categories for qualifying conversions and historic buildings. These are conditional routes, not an automatic entitlement after buying any home. Confirm the exact category, holding rules, permitted use and immigration requirements.","sourceIds":["gr-golden-visa"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"gr-short-stays","section":"shortTermRental","title":"AADE registration and stay declarations","text":"AADE provides a Short-Term Stay Property Registry and requires the relevant short-stay statements. Tax registration does not by itself establish that a specific apartment satisfies local, building or accommodation requirements. Check current restrictions for the municipality and the type of ownership or residence programme.","sourceIds":["gr-short-stays"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"greece-gpg-yields","name":"Global Property Guide — original rental-yield research","url":"https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/europe/greece/rental-yields","referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Publisher states last update May 2026; an exact publication day is not provided. Uses local advertised rents and sale listings. Only the published aggregate is reproduced."},{"id":"gr-bog-prices","name":"Bank of Greece — residential property price releases","url":"https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/news-and-media/press-office/news-list?category=59da8f59-abfa-4946-b211-7b0169dc44c1&sorting=date&topic=aac059ea-7d80-4d04-b8aa-f1e69bebc72e&year=all","referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","publishedAt":"2026-06-09","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"The central bank's release listing states a national annual apartment-price change of 5.7%. No asking-price €/m² value is inferred from the index."},{"id":"gr-buyer-guide","name":"AADE — before buying property","url":"https://www.aade.gr/exypiretisi-enimerosi/hristikoi-odigoi/agora-akinitoy/prin-tin-agora-akinitoy","referencePeriod":"Buyer requirements inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"gr-transfer-tax","name":"AADE — real-estate transfer tax for nonresidents","url":"https://www.aade.gr/en/greeks-abroad-non-residents/property-taxation/real-estate-transfer-tax","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"gr-aade-property","name":"AADE — property taxation for nonresidents","url":"https://www.aade.gr/en/greeks-abroad-non-residents/property-taxation","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"gr-aade-income","name":"AADE — income taxation for nonresidents","url":"https://aade.gr/en/greeks-abroad-non-residents/income-taxation","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"gr-eurobank","name":"Eurobank — mortgage loan for nonresidents","url":"https://www.eurobank.gr/en/international-customers/what-we-offer/mortgage-loan-for-non-residents","referencePeriod":"Product criteria inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"No advertised interest rate is copied because its eligibility, fixation period, levy and fees require an individual quote."},{"id":"gr-golden-visa","name":"Enterprise Greece — Golden Visa programme changes","url":"https://newsletters.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/newsletter-articles/greece-adjusts-golden-visa-program-amid-rising-outlook-for-property-market/","referencePeriod":"Programme structure inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"gr-short-stays","name":"AADE — short-term rental registry and statements","url":"https://aade.gr/en/short-term-rental","referencePeriod":"Service inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"}]},{"slug":"france","name":"France","isoCode":"FR","currency":"EUR","region":"Europe","eu":true,"eurozone":true,"published":true,"summary":"French property requires a detailed operating and tax budget, particularly when the owner lives abroad. The notarial system provides an established purchase process, but acquisition charges, local taxes and rental-use requirements remain material. The rental sample covers eight cities. A Paris-only purchase price is deliberately not substituted for a national affordability benchmark.","strengths":["The notarial purchase process includes verification of the parties, funds and property transaction.","Official tax guidance addresses foreign owners and French property holdings.","The gross-yield research covers regional cities as well as Paris."],"risks":["Acquisition costs include taxes and formalities beyond the notary's remuneration.","Local taxes and potential property wealth tax require a separate ownership budget.","Municipal change-of-use and building rules can constrain furnished tourist rentals."],"suitedTo":"Investors who value a documented notarial process and are prepared to compare regional rental markets, budget for taxes and verify the property's lawful rental use. France should not be ruled out using Paris prices alone.","residentialOwnership":"generally-open","nonresidentMortgage":"unverified","metrics":{"grossYield":{"value":4.83,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["france-gpg-yields"],"referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","referenceDate":"2026-06-30","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Selected urban apartment listings: Paris, Marseille, Nice, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier and Nantes","methodology":"Global Property Guide compares median advertised monthly rents with median advertised purchase prices by apartment size and location, annualises rent, and reports an aggregate gross yield. This is a listings sample, not a national transaction-weighted return. Excludes vacancy, tax, repairs, management, financing and purchase costs."},"priceGrowth":{"value":1,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["eurostat-hpi-2025-q4"],"referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","referenceDate":"2025-12-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"National residential property transactions","methodology":"Nominal year-on-year change in Eurostat's House Price Index, covering new and existing dwellings purchased by households. Historical index movement is not a forecast or a rental investment return."}},"facts":[{"id":"fr-nonresident-buyers","section":"ownership","title":"Nonresidents can use the French notarial process","text":"Notaires de France provides purchase guidance for foreign nonresident buyers. French property law applies, and the notary examines ownership structure, marital and inheritance consequences, funds and taxes. Buying personally and through a company can produce different outcomes; legal ownership is separate from immigration permission.","sourceIds":["fr-notaires-nonresident"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"fr-completion-costs","section":"buyingCosts","title":"Get an itemised notarial estimate","text":"The notarial body explains that acquisition charges include transfer duties, disbursements and regulated professional remuneration. Its published broad guide quotes about 7–8% for existing property and 2–3% for new property, with financing and other costs additional. Departmental duty changes and the purchase price can move the actual bill outside these guide ranges.","sourceIds":["fr-notaires-costs","fr-dmto"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"fr-local-taxes","section":"tax","title":"Foreign owners still face local property taxes","text":"The French tax administration states that nonresident owners remain liable for relevant local property taxes. Property-tax administration follows the location of the property. An annual local bill and the owner's use of the home matter; a rental-yield percentage does not include these charges.","sourceIds":["fr-local-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"fr-ifi","section":"tax","title":"French real-estate wealth can trigger IFI","text":"Subject to tax treaties, a nonresident with net taxable French real-estate holdings above EUR 1.3 million can be liable for IFI. Debt deductibility, exemptions and indirect ownership can affect the tax base. This is an ownership-level assessment, not a flat percentage of every property's price.","sourceIds":["fr-ifi"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"fr-financing-process","section":"financing","title":"Funding checks are part of the purchase process","text":"Notaires de France describes checks on international transfers and the origin of purchase funds by banks and notaries. No verified nonresident LTV or mortgage-rate benchmark has been entered in this release. Establish finance eligibility with a lender before treating an intended mortgage as available capital.","sourceIds":["fr-notaires-nonresident"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"fr-residence","section":"residency","title":"A home does not replace the visa process","text":"France-Visas describes a separate long-stay visitor application for eligible private stays beyond three months, including resources, accommodation, insurance and a commitment not to work. Property ownership can address accommodation, but should not be interpreted as approval to reside or work.","sourceIds":["fr-visas"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"fr-tourist-rentals","section":"shortTermRental","title":"Municipal permission and building rules matter","text":"Service Public's second-home tourist-rental guide requires checking the municipality's formalities, potential change-of-use permission and the condominium rules. Furnished tourist letting is not automatically authorised because the buyer owns the apartment. Establish the permitted use and registration position before forecasting short-stay income.","sourceIds":["fr-tourist-rentals"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"france-gpg-yields","name":"Global Property Guide — original rental-yield research","url":"https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/europe/france/rental-yields","referencePeriod":"Q2 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Publisher states last update June 2026; an exact publication day is not provided. Uses local advertised rents and sale listings. Only the published aggregate is reproduced."},{"id":"eurostat-hpi-2025-q4","name":"Eurostat — House Price Index, Q4 2025 release","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-07042026-ap","referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","publishedAt":"2026-04-07","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"An explicitly dated historical release, not a claim to be the latest available quarter. National transaction-based House Price Index; subsequent releases can revise values."},{"id":"fr-notaires-nonresident","name":"Notaires de France — buying as a nonresident","url":"https://www.immobilier.notaires.fr/fr/articles/conseils-et-actualites/achat-vente/acheter-un-bien-immobilier-en-france-comment-faire-lorsquon-est-non-resident","referencePeriod":"Purchase-process guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":"2020-01-04","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Retained for the notarial process, not for dated tax-rate assumptions."},{"id":"fr-notaires-costs","name":"Notaires de France — additional purchase costs","url":"https://www.immobilier.notaires.fr/fr/articles/conseils-et-actualites/achat-vente/frais-caches-dun-achat-immobilier-les-connaitre-avant-de-signer","referencePeriod":"General cost guidance; inspected September 2026","publishedAt":"2025-07-07","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Approximate notarial acquisition charges exclude bank, agency and other buyer-specific costs. Not used as an all-in country scoring metric."},{"id":"fr-dmto","name":"Notaires du Grand Paris — departmental transfer-duty changes","url":"https://paris.notaires.fr/fr/actualites/hausse-des-dmto-ne-pas-confondre-avec-la-remuneration-des-notaires-un-impact-direct-sur-les","referencePeriod":"Transfer-duty guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"fr-local-tax","name":"Direction générale des Finances publiques — local taxes for nonresidents","url":"https://www.impots.gouv.fr/international-particulier/questions/are-non-residents-liable-local-taxes","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"fr-ifi","name":"Direction générale des Finances publiques — French property held by nonresidents","url":"https://www.impots.gouv.fr/international-particulier/jai-des-biens-immobiliers-en-france","referencePeriod":"Tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"fr-visas","name":"France-Visas — private stays longer than three months","url":"https://france-visas.gouv.fr/en/sejour-touristique-de-plus-de-3-mois","referencePeriod":"Visa guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"fr-tourist-rentals","name":"Service Public — letting a second home as tourist accommodation","url":"https://www.service-public.gouv.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2043","referencePeriod":"Guidance verified by publisher 21 May 2026","publishedAt":"2026-05-21","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"}]},{"slug":"germany","name":"Germany","isoCode":"DE","currency":"EUR","region":"Europe","eu":true,"eurozone":true,"published":true,"summary":"Germany's national apartment benchmark should not be confused with prices in Munich or Berlin. The sourced figure is a modelled existing apartment derived from advertised properties. Federal-state transfer taxes, the reformed annual property-tax system and city rental-use rules all affect the ownership budget. The current release does not assume that nonresident mortgage funding is available.","strengths":["ImmoScout24 publishes a documented national reference-apartment price model.","Official transaction-price indices give an independent view of historical movement.","Published state and municipal rules make it possible to research taxes and use permissions for a chosen address."],"risks":["National modelled prices and urban rental-yield samples cover different property mixes.","Transfer-tax rates and annual property-tax calculations depend on location.","City rules can restrict the use of ordinary housing as holiday accommodation."],"suitedTo":"Investors comparing existing apartments across German regions who can examine the lease, ownership costs and municipal rules, and can confirm finance separately rather than relying on a national mortgage assumption.","residentialOwnership":"generally-open","nonresidentMortgage":"unverified","metrics":{"pricePerSqm":{"value":2610,"unit":"money/m2","currency":"EUR","sourceIds":["de-immoscout-price"],"referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","referenceDate":"2026-03-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Germany — modelled national existing condominium","methodology":"ImmoScout24 WohnBarometer uses advertised properties to estimate a standard existing reference apartment. It is modelled, not a simple national transaction median; geography, property condition and reference-object assumptions differ from other price sources."},"grossYield":{"value":3.42,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["germany-gpg-yields"],"referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","referenceDate":"2026-03-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":365,"confidence":"medium","scope":"Selected urban apartment listings: Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Leipzig, Cologne and Dusseldorf","methodology":"Global Property Guide compares median advertised monthly rents with median advertised purchase prices by apartment size and location, annualises rent, and reports an aggregate gross yield. This is a listings sample, not a national transaction-weighted return. Excludes vacancy, tax, repairs, management, financing and purchase costs."},"priceGrowth":{"value":3,"unit":"percent","sourceIds":["eurostat-hpi-2025-q4"],"referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","referenceDate":"2025-12-31","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":540,"confidence":"high","scope":"National residential property transactions","methodology":"Nominal year-on-year change in Eurostat's House Price Index, covering new and existing dwellings purchased by households. Historical index movement is not a forecast or a rental investment return."}},"facts":[{"id":"de-foreign-ownership","section":"ownership","title":"Foreign ownership is generally permitted","text":"The Welsh Government's Germany investment guide reports no general restrictions on foreigners owning or occupying real estate. This does not remove the need to check title, planning, building use and transaction formalities. A right to own a property is separate from a right to live or work in Germany.","sourceIds":["de-investment-guide","de-visas"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"de-transfer-tax","section":"buyingCosts","title":"The property's federal state sets the transfer-tax context","text":"Official guidance gives a 3.5% property-transfer tax in Bavaria and 6% in Berlin. These are examples for those states, not a nationwide all-in range. Add the applicable registration, notarial and any brokerage or finance costs when comparing a specific acquisition.","sourceIds":["de-bavaria-tax","de-berlin-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"de-annual-tax","section":"tax","title":"The annual Grundsteuer calculation changed in 2025","text":"Germany Trade & Invest describes the property-tax reform effective January 2025. Liability combines an assessed property value, a tax factor and a municipal multiplier, with differing state models. A single percentage of the advertised purchase price would misstate this system.","sourceIds":["de-gtai-tax"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":180},{"id":"de-residence","section":"residency","title":"Residence requires its own legal basis","text":"The Federal Foreign Office directs people planning an extended stay to the applicable national visa and residence-permit procedures. The route depends on nationality and the purpose of stay. Do not treat a property purchase as a residence or work authorisation.","sourceIds":["de-visas"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90},{"id":"de-berlin-short-stays","section":"shortTermRental","title":"Berlin illustrates city-level permission requirements","text":"Berlin's official service requires permission to use residential space for purposes other than housing, including the relevant holiday-letting arrangements, through the district authority. This is a Berlin rule; another city's treatment must be checked independently before choosing a short-term-rental strategy.","sourceIds":["de-berlin-short-stays"],"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","maxAgeDays":90}],"sources":[{"id":"de-immoscout-price","name":"ImmoScout24 — WohnBarometer purchase market Q1 2026","url":"https://www.immobilienscout24.de/unternehmen/fileadmin/user_upload/ImmoScout24_WohnBarometer_Q1_2026_Kauf.pdf","referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"National existing condominium benchmark EUR 2,610/m². PDF identifies the reference quarter but does not print an exact publication day."},{"id":"germany-gpg-yields","name":"Global Property Guide — original rental-yield research","url":"https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/europe/germany/rental-yields","referencePeriod":"Q1 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Publisher states last update March 2026; an exact publication day is not provided. Uses local advertised rents and sale listings. Only the published aggregate is reproduced."},{"id":"eurostat-hpi-2025-q4","name":"Eurostat — House Price Index, Q4 2025 release","url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-07042026-ap","referencePeriod":"Q4 2025 versus Q4 2024","publishedAt":"2026-04-07","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"An explicitly dated historical release, not a claim to be the latest available quarter. National transaction-based House Price Index; subsequent releases can revise values."},{"id":"de-investment-guide","name":"Welsh Government — Germany investment guide","url":"https://export.businesswales.gov.wales/en/explore-market-potential/country-profiles/germany/investing","referencePeriod":"Investment guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"de-bavaria-tax","name":"Bayerisches Landesamt für Steuern — transfer tax","url":"https://www.lfst.bayern.de/steuerinfos/haeufig-gestellte-fragen/grunderwerbsteuer","referencePeriod":"Bavarian tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"de-berlin-tax","name":"Berlin Service Portal — transfer-tax assessment","url":"https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/325323/","referencePeriod":"Berlin tax guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"},{"id":"de-gtai-tax","name":"Germany Trade & Invest — real-estate taxation","url":"https://www.gtai.de/en/invest/investment-guide/corporate-taxation-in-germany","referencePeriod":"Property-tax reform effective January 2025; inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Only the Grundsteuer explanation is used; corporate-income-tax figures are not applied to private landlords."},{"id":"de-visas","name":"German Federal Foreign Office — residence and extended-stay visas","url":"https://www.germany.info/us-en/service/visa/residence-visa-922288","referencePeriod":"Visa guidance inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"US consular page; nationality-specific visa exemptions are not generalised to all users."},{"id":"de-berlin-short-stays","name":"Berlin Service Portal — holiday-letting permission","url":"https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/328146/","referencePeriod":"Berlin local rules inspected September 2026","publishedAt":null,"reviewedAt":"2026-09-07"}]}],"scoreConfig":{"version":"1.0","minimumCoverage":0.6,"dimensions":{"affordability":{"label":"Lower purchase price","metric":"pricePerSqm","min":500,"max":8000,"higherIsBetter":false,"defaultWeight":2},"yield":{"label":"Gross rental yield","metric":"grossYield","min":0,"max":12,"higherIsBetter":true,"defaultWeight":3},"growth":{"label":"Historical price growth","metric":"priceGrowth","min":-10,"max":20,"higherIsBetter":true,"defaultWeight":0},"buyingCosts":{"label":"Lower total buying costs","metric":"buyingCosts","min":0,"max":20,"higherIsBetter":false,"defaultWeight":0}}},"fx":{"base":"EUR","rates":{"EUR":1,"USD":1.1622,"GBP":0.85898},"asOf":"2026-09-04","source":{"id":"ecb-fx","name":"European Central Bank reference exchange rates","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html","publishedAt":"2026-09-04","referencePeriod":"4 September 2026","reviewedAt":"2026-09-07","notes":"Currency units per euro. Reference rates for information, not execution rates. GEL is not covered."}},"attribution":"SafeBuy compilation; underlying sources retain their rights. See each citation and source terms.","methodology":"https://safebuy.ge/global-property-index/methodology"}